When talking about investment management firms, it is very important to understand profit maximization and wealth maximization. According to the objective of profit maximization, the ultimate goal of a business enterprise is to maximize its profits. All the efforts of the organization are to be directed to achieve this goal. The profit maximization objective is justified, as business is conducted for earning profit. When profit earning is the aim of the business, profit maximization should be the obvious objective. Profitability is an indicator of the efficiency with which the firm is managed. The higher the profit, the better the efficiency. For growth and expansion, profit is the main source of finance. To meet unforeseen contingencies reserves are necessary, which is possible only if there is enough profit.

However, the profit maximization objective is objected to on some grounds. The term profit is vague. It may assume different meaning in different contexts. It may be short-term or long-term. The concept of profit maximization generally ignores the time value of money. All profit gained in different time periods are taken together. The risk involved in any given project and the uncertainty of return are not at all considered. Accounting bias influences profit.

On the other hand, according to the objective of wealth maximization the ultimate goal of a business enterprise is to maximize the wealth of the shareholders, which is represented by the market value of the shares of the firm. Wealth is defined as the net present worth of the firm, i.e., the present value of all future returns.

Though the wealth maximization objective seems superior to the profit maximization objective, it is to be noted that the former is based upon the latter. The market price of shares, which is the indicator of the wealth of the firm, is based on the long-term returns of the firm. The returns that accrue to the investor would be a function of the earnings of the company. Thus it can be said that these objectives are not competing.

Mumbai-the commercial capital of the country and home to the Indian film industry, has always been a preferred choice for buying, selling or renting properties in India. It is recognized as an IT/ITES hub and this has led to a thriving demand for properties. Despite the skyrocketing real estate prices, the city has something to offer for every class of the society to invest in real estate.

Due to large scale urbanization in the suburbs, Mumbai is expected to see very high demand for residential space of approximately 16.40 lakh units. The mid-scale and affordable housing in suburban and peripheral areas will be the focus of this demand.

The eastern suburban areas of Navi Mumbai, like Kharghar, Airoli, CBD Belapur, and Sanpada which have been getting a lot of infrastructural developments, happen to be good investment options. Rates in Navi Mumbai range between Rs.3000 to Rs.5000 per sq ft. While the North Western and Eastern suburbs continue to be the preferred locations; in Mumbai, the demand has continued and there are some new projects coming up in South Mumbai. Also, Central Mumbai areas e.g. Wadala, Sion etc are coming up with new residential ventures.

Navi Mumbai is getting the larger share of the pie, as most of the real estate projects are coming up here and the prices are affordable as compared to Mumbai. Many options are still available in Mumbai, wherein you can afford to have an abode of your own. Lets have a look at a few of them:

Kurla- One of the major suburb of Mumbai, the suburban railway station lies on the Central and Harbour line. Lokmanya Tilak Terminus lies near to the Kurla Suburban Station, which is a terminus for out passenger/express trains. It has its own railway junction and is 3.5 Kms away from the domestic airport and 13.5-14kms from Mumbai Central and Mumbai CST respectively. The locality has got Engineering Colleges as well, apart from lots of schools and various other educational institutions.

Borivali- The Borivali suburban railway station is on the Western Line. Located in the North-Western Mumbai, it is one of the few places in the world that has got a National park within the city limits-The Sanjay Gandhi National Park. There are a number of well known educational institutions managed by the Franciscan Brothers. The very famous amusement park, “Essel World” and Asia’s largest water park “Water Kingdom” are located here. It is at a distance of approximately 18 Km from the airport and 32 Km from the Mumbai Central.

Sion- The Sion suburban railway station lies between Matunga and Kurla on the Central line. There are a few residential projects coming up in this area. The Central Labour Institute is nearby and other schools and colleges are also there. Not only the local trains, but also the Sion BEST bus depot connects it well to other localities like Wadala, Dadar, Antop Hill, Bandra etc.

Vikhroli- This Mumbai suburb has a railway station with the same name on the Central line. Similar to many other areas in Mumbai, it is divided by the railway line between two parts, namely Vikhroli East and Vikhroli West. There has been a proposal for a bridge to be built over Thane creek to Kopar Khairne, Navi Mumbai, the third linkage between Navi Mumbai to Mumbai. It lies between the Ghatkopar and Kanjurmarg Suburban Railway Stations.

Chembur- Located 22 Km to the North-East of Churchgate, Chembur is located in the eastern part of Mumbai. The Suburban Railway station of Chembur is on the Harbour Line. Owing to its central location, it is well connected via roads to Navi Mumbai, Ghatkopar, Sion, Kurla, Mulund, Mankhurd, Panvel and Thane. The NG Acharya Garden or Diamond Garden, Sandu Garden and Pestom Garden. are the major attractions of Chembur. It is about 20 Km from the international airport and 18 Km from the CST railway station.

Jogeshwari- Jogeshwari Suburban Railway station lies on the Western Line between Andheri and Goregaon. Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road or JVLR, as it is popularly known connects it to the central suburb of Vikhroli. The place is mostly inhabited by Muslims and Maharashtrians. The suburb is named after Goddess Jogeshwari. There are some earlier caves in the eastern part of the region, dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Jogeshwari. There are some of the well known schools and colleges in the area.

Ghatkopar- One of the richest suburbs of the city, the place is filled with all kinds of shopping centers, jewelers’ shops, cloth shops, eateries etc. It lies on the Central Line of the suburban railway station, between Vidyavihar and Vikhroli. North Bombay Welfare Society High School (Ghatkopar West), Fatima High School (in the border area with Vidyavihar), Gurukul High School (Ghatkopar East), Garodia High School (Garodia Nagar), Ramji Assar High School (Ghatkopar East) area few private schools in the area. For arts, Science, Management, Engineering and Medicine streams, the famous Somaiya family of colleges is here. In addition, the suburb is served by at least three Municipal schools. It lies 6 Km from the international airport and about 18 and 16 Km from CST and Mumbai Central respectively.

Goregaon- It is a major suburban railway station on the Western Line between Jogeshwari and Malad. It is in the northern part of the city and is easily accessible by buses, trains, auto-rickshaws and taxis. Not only has it housed the famous film studios Filmistaan and Film City (in Goregaon East) but also the cinemas like Anupam and Samrat. Goregaon West is known to have most of the shopping centres of the locality. The Western Express Highway and Linking road lie on either side of the area. It is primarily a middle class locality.

Malad- It is well known for Marve/Aksa/Erangal beaches where the famous Raheja group hotels Resort/Retreat are situated. It is on the Western Line of the Suburban Railway between Goregaon and Kandivali. There are a number of shopping centres, markets, theaters etc in the locality. Malad East has many popular housing colonies like Raheja Township, Govind Nagar, Mahindra Nagar and Pratap Nagar. Mahindra Nagar is a clean and green society, which was nominated as the second most pollution-free area in Mumbai by Eureka Forbes after Aarey Colony in Goregaon.

Area-Avg Price/Sqft(INR)-Avg Rent/Sqft (INR)
Kurla(East/West)-6092 / 7688-21 / 29
Borivali(East/West)-6330 / 6884-21 / 18
Vikhroli(East/West)-6051 / 6609-19 / 24
Ghatkopar(East/West)-7458 / 6880-26 / 24
Malad(East/West)-7204 / 5336-24 / 25
Jogeshwari(East/West)-9190 / 7309-32 / 28
Goregaon(East/West)-7605 / 7968-25 / 25
Chembur-8367-25

The above localities offer a lucrative option for real estate investments. These are well developed and have a better infrastructure in comparison to the developing Navi Mumbai suburbs. Also, they offer a cheaper rental as well as capital values, when compared to the Mumbai’s Golden triangle, Malabar Hill, Breach Candy and Altamount Road and other costly areas, where residential properties sell in the range from 40000-62000 Rs/Sqft .

Boy, did I learn a valuable lesson. I used to rely on an investment adviser provided by my bank to manage my retirement investment account. I thought the low returns I was getting were reasonable until I realized it was possible to earn over double the amount. My colleague suggested that I rollover to a self directed IRA. Prior to that, I never considered it because the self directed IRA rules my bank told me about seemed so convoluted.

It didn’t take me long to realize that my bank just didn’t want me to make the conversion because they would lose profits that way. They tried to make it sound like it would be very hard for me to self-direct my account. They also said it would be expensive to rollover and risky to invest in the venues available in self directed IRAs.

Self directed IRA rules are actually a lot simpler than you think. First of all, before rolling over to a self directed IRA, you need to find a company that is set up to help people self direct their accounts. You are legally required to have a custodian or trustee help you manage your account. Obviously you are going to want to find a company that has the knowledge and experience necessary to help you maximize your returns.

An important point to remember is that when investors roll over to self directed IRAs they must make sure the check is made out from one trustee to another trustee. By failing to do so, you can be penalized and end up having to pay 20% in taxes.

Other self directed IRA rules that you may not be aware of include the fact that there are no conversion fees if you find the right company to roll over to. Your bank will try to discourage you from doing it and tell that there are hefty fees to pay in order to roll over to a self directed IRA but that is false. In fact, the banks are the ones that charge exorbitant fees in order to manage your investments. For that reason you get such low returns from traditional investment accounts.

The biggest perk of self directed IRAs and the main reason why investors make the conversion is because of the flexibility they offer. You have a much wider range of investment options with self-directed accounts thus many more opportunities to increase your returns.

Self directed IRA rules allow you to invest in as many venues as you’d like but the most lucrative venue is real estate. Real estate is a stable investment that tends to increase in value over time and unlike other venues it is insured against common forms of loss such as natural disaster so it is low in risk.

What’s stopping you from getting out there and rolling over to a self-directed IRA? Self-directed IRAs offer far more flexibility and opportunities to increase your returns than traditional IRAs. In spite of what your bank may try to tell you self directed IRA rules are quite simple and straightforward. If you want to maximize your returns, ignore the naysayers and roll over to a self directed IRA and invest in real estate.

Sequoia Presidential Yacht is a field of banking that aids individuals, companies or governments in raising capital. In commercial banking, the institution collects deposits from clients and gives direct loans to businesses and individuals. Unlike commercial banks and retail banks, investment banks do not take deposits. From 1933 (Glass-Steagall Act) until 1999 (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act), there remained a strict separation maintained involving the two varieties of banking within the United States. Since 1999 that practice has moved to a environment whereby commercial banks might also participate inside investment banking side. Other industrialized countries, including G8 countries, have historically not maintained this type of separation.

Would have to an analyst choose for the way to leave investment banking about the whole and a lot of attain their experience might be leveraged to consider into positions that will be normally require more experience. After all, many analysts wrack up double several from the average workforce and must be effective their work with an intensity level that’s truly one with the highest inside the company world.

So I may not expect everybody to sit down back and do nothing about it. I think that the actions were fairly justified. Now would this stay forever? We would have to watch and find out. Now if you look on the nature with the regulation which is happening, it is all around, making banks safer and also it’s around being sure that what banks can do with depositors money is limited to safer activities; meaning that you simply cant do some in the stuffs that got us into trouble in just a commercial bank, you therefore need different licence – a merchant banking licence.

Earlier, you talked about the central bank and AMCONs efforts in resolving the banking crisis. But since the crisis was resolved, there may be the insinuation that the Nigerian banking marketplace is over-regulated, when compared with its peers around the continent. Do you support such a view?

Many individuals don’t discover success off from the investment of 1 stock but from your successful portfolio which helps in diversifying their investments. When new traders invest solely in markets just like the Futures trading or Forex trading system theyre greatly restricting their potential of success and leaving no avenue outside of these investments inside the case your investment won’t produce the required results.

As second-year MBA students chatter at cocktail parties, one with the major topics of discussion is who landed investment banking offers. Although the reputation of investment banking has taken a beating following a 2008 economic crisis, corporate finance efforts are still a terrific way to achieve valuable business experience and earn a handsome paycheck.

During previous economic downturns the regular stance was that cash was king. If stock markets and property prices were choppy, simply keep your money inside bank. There was never any doubt on the safety of that money. However the entire world we are now living in has changed. As a UK saver you might be now only protected for 50k in each bank. If the bank goes under, you could lose money. A ridiculous notion 10 in the past but very realistic now. Indeed for all those who invested into Icesave a few of years back, they eventually got lucky and were repaid by the UK Government. The Treasury were convinced they’d be reimbursed by the Icelandic Government but the money never came. Such a future failure may now fall on deaf ears.

Understanding how these models work and also the theory behind them will help you answer a lot in the technical questions that may get thrown at you within an interview. Know the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and how to calculate the weighted average expense of capital (WACC). Know how to un-lever a beta.